Many definitions cites the 191xx family of ISO standards written by ISO/TC211.
Feature: an abstraction of a real world phenomenon; it is geospatial if associated with a location relative to the Earth. (ISO 19101)
Geospatial: about phenomena on or near the Earth's surface. (ISO 19101)
Geographic: graphic presentation of geospatial data.
GIS (Geographic Information System) is a computer program that can create, store, analyze and display geospatial data.
Geoprocessing: computer systems for Earth imaging, surveying, digital cartography, spatial database operations, and location based services (such as navigation).
Feature Collection: a finite, named collection of related features. (ISO 19107)
Geometry: (ISO 19107)
Geometric primitives:
Topology: Invariant property of geometries under transformation, e.g. containment (point-in-polygon), connectivity, adjacency, partition, boundary, and network tracking.
Vector: A representation of the spatial extent of geospatial features using geometric elements (such as point, polyline/curve, and polygon) in a coordinate space.
Coverage: a feature that acts as a function for any direct position within its spatial, temporal or spatio-temporal domain. (ISO 19101-2)
Observation: e.g. temperature, ppm, chemical type.
Geographical poles: the two points on the Earth where it meets its axis of rotation. The Earth's axis of rotation moves relative to the crust, referred to as polar motion. Averaged locations of geographical poles are used for cartographic and other terrestrial purposes.
Circle of latitude (parallel 纬线): intersection of the Earth's surface and a cone surface symmetric about the Earth's axis of rotation.
Equator: the great circle of the Earth intersected by the plane orthogonal to the Earth's axis of rotation and passing the center of the Earth.
Meridian (经线, 子午线): intersection of the Earth's surface and a half-plane bounded by the Earth's axis of rotation, defining a line of longitude.
Prime meridian (本初子午线): the meridian where longitude is defined to be 0°. Various conventions have been used in different regions and throughout history.
Coordinate: one of a sequence of N-numbers designating the position of a point in N-dimensional space. (ISO 19111)
Coordinate System: set of mathematical rules for specifying how coordinates are to be assigned to points. (ISO 19111)
Coordinate Reference System: coordinate system that is related to the real world by a datum. (ISO 19111)