Vector Data

Vector data models:

  1. Vector geometry: Faster computations, but extra work for maintenance.
    • 0D: point;
    • 1D: linestring;
    • 2D: polygon;
    • Geometry collection: multi-point, multi-linestring, multi-polygon;
  2. Vector topology: Common boundary between two adjacent areas are stored as a single boundary, so that gaps and slivers are impossible.
    • Basic types:
      • 0D: point, centroid, kernel (3D centroid);
      • 1D: line, boundary;
      • 2D: face (3D area);
    • Derived types:
      • 0D: node (end of lines/boundaries); vertex (non-node points);
      • 2D: area = closed ring of boundaries + centroid; isle = closed ring of boundaries without centroid;
      • 3D: volume = faces + kernel;

Popular formats: Shapefile; OpenStreetMap file formats; GeoJSON; GML, KML;

ESRI Shapefile and implementations of Simple Features are non-topological vector formats.

GeoJSON

GeoJSON is a JSON extension implementing Simple Features. Native to JavaScript, GeoJSON is a popular format for serving geospatial data on the web, such as drawing leaflet maps or sending vector tiles. Unlike CSV, GeoJSON does not have simple separators between data entries or well-defined types and orders, thus not perfect for streaming.

A GeoJSON feature is an object of "type": "Feature" with geometry and additional properties. A FeatureCollection object is a set of features.

GeoJSON supports the following geometry type specified with coordinates:

  • Point: a single position, specified as an ordered array [longitude, latitude, height];
  • LineString: an array of positions;
  • Polygon: a collection of LinearRing (loops of positions) specifying exterior (counterclockwise) and interior (clockwise) boundaries;
  • Multi-part collections of these types: MultiPoint, MultiLineString, and MultiPolygon.
  • (rare) GeometryCollection is a container for different kinds of geometries.

An awesome list of GeoJSON utilities compiled by Tom MacWright.

Well Known Text

WKT (Well Known Text) Representation (of Simple Features 1.2 geometries):

  1. Point: POINT(- 117.25 35.0)
  2. Line String: LINESTRING(0 10, 20 15, 30 15)
  3. Polygon: POLYGON((0 0,10 10,10 0,0 0),(3 1,4 1,4 2,3 1))
  4. Polyhedral Surface: POLYHEDRALSURFACE(((0 10,0 0,10 0,10 10,0 10)),((0 10,5 15, 10 10,0 10)))
    1. TIN (Triangulated Irregular Netowrk)
  5. Geometry Collection:
    1. Multi Point: MULTIPOINT((0 0),(10 10),(10 0))
    2. Multi Line String: MULTILINESTRING((0 0,10 10,10 0),(3 1,4 1,4 2,5 1))
    3. Multi Polygon: MULTIPOLYGON(((0 0,10 10,10 0,0 0),(3 1,4 1,4 2, 3 1)),((20 20, 30 30, 30 20, 20 20)))

Geography Markup Language

GML (Geography Markup Language) is an OGC Standard, defined as an XML schema (written in XSD). A GML profile is a restricted subset of the full GML standard, such as GML Simple Features profile.

<gml:Point>
    <gml:coordinates>100,200</gml:coordinates>
</gml:Point>
<gml:LineString>
    <gml:coordinates>100,200 150,300</gml:coordinates>
</gml:LineString>
<gml:Polygon>
    <gml:outerBoundaryIs>
        <gml:LinearRing>
            <gml:coordinates>0,0 100,0 100,100 0,100 0,0</gml:coordinates>
        </gml:LinearRing>
    </gml:outerBoundaryIs>
</gml:Polygon>

GPS Exchange Format

GPX (GPS Exchange Format) is an XML schema describing:

  • waypoints (wptType): recorded locations;
  • tracks (trkType): one ordered list of waypoints for each continuous span of GPS connection;
  • routes (rteType): an ordered list of routepoints, which represent significant turns or stage points for trip planning.

Latitude and longitude are expressed in decimal degrees using the WGS 84 datum. Elevation is recorded in meters. Dates and times are in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) using ISO 8601 format.

Rater Data

Raster data file formats:

  1. non-compressed: .png, .tiff
  2. compressed .jpg, .gif

TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) was developed by Aldus, now Adobe Systems. GeoTIFF is a public domain metadata standard which allows georeferencing information to be embedded within a TIFF file.

Imagery

Aerial photogrammetry (such as orthoimagery) and satellite imagery are spatially referenced. Example data sets include land cover.

Point clouds are 3D point data collected from laser scanning (LiDAR).

Other File Formats

NetCDF (Network Common Data Form) supports array-oriented scientific data, specifically digital geospatial information representing space and time-varying phenomena.

HDF (Hierarchical Data Format) is a multi-object file format for storing and transferring graphical and numerical data mainly used in scientific computing. HDF supports several data models: multidimensional arrays, raster images, and tables.

OpenCV (Open Computer Vision) provides low level portable data types and operators, and a set of high level functionalities for video acquisition, image processing and analysis, structural analysis, motion analysis and object tracking, object recognition, camera calibration and 3D reconstruction.

🏷 Category=Geographic Information System