Mathematical Characters

Greek Alphabet

Greek letters (c. 800 BC) are often used as symbols in mathematics, physics, and other sciences.

Table: The Greek Alphabet. Order, English name, modern pronunciation, Latin transliteration, lowercase, lowercase variant, and uppercase. (Uppercase omitted if coincides with a Roman letter.)

#	Name	IPA	Latin	Lower	Var	Upper
1	Alpha	/ˈælfə/	a	$\alpha$		$\color{lightgray}A$
2	Beta	/ˈbeɪtə/	b	$\beta$		$\color{\lightgray}B$
3	Gamma	/ˈɡæmə/	g	$\gamma$		$\Gamma$
4	Delta	/ˈdɛltə/	d	$\delta$		$\Delta$
5	Epsilon	/ˈɛpsɪlɒn/	e	$\epsilon$	$\varepsilon$	$\color{\lightgray}E$
6	Zeta	/ˈzeɪtə/	z	$\zeta$		$\color{\lightgray}Z$
7	Eta	/ˈeɪtə/	ē	$\eta$		$\color{\lightgray}H$
8	Theta	/ˈθeɪtə/	th	$\theta$	$\vartheta$	$\Theta$
9	Iota	/aɪˈoʊtə/	i	$\iota$		$\color{\lightgray}I$
10	Kappa	/ˈkæpə/	k, c	$\kappa$	$\varkappa$	$\color{\lightgray}K$
11	Lambda	/ˈlæmdə/	l	$\lambda$		$\Lambda$
12	Mu	/mjuː/	m	$\mu$		$\color{\lightgray}M$
13	Nu	/njuː/	n	$\nu$		$\color{\lightgray}N$
14	Xi	/zaɪ/, /ksaɪ/	x	$\xi$		$\Xi$
15	Omicron	/ˈɒmɪkrɒn/	o	$\omicron$		$\color{\lightgray}O$
16	Pi	/paɪ/	p	$\pi$	$\varpi$	$\Pi$
17	Rho	/roʊ/	r, rh	$\rho$	$\varrho$	$\color{\lightgray}P$
18	Sigma	/ˈsɪɡmə/	s	$\sigma$	$\varsigma$	$\Sigma$
19	Tau	/taʊ/, /tɔː/	t	$\tau$		$\color{\lightgray}T$
20	Upsilon	/ˈʊpsɪlɒn/	y, u	$\upsilon$		$\Upsilon$
21	Phi	/faɪ/	ph	$\phi$	$\varphi$	$\Phi$
22	Chi	/kaɪ/	ch, kh	$\chi$		$\color{\lightgray}X$
23	Psi	/saɪ/, /psaɪ/	ps	$\psi$		$\Psi$
24	Omega	/oʊˈmeɪɡə/	ō	$\omega$		$\Omega$

Latin Alphabet

Latin letters (c. 700 BC) are the most commonly used mathematical symbols.

Table: The Latin Alphabet. Uppercase, double-struck (blackboard bold), calligraphic (Computer Modern, by Donald Knuth), alternative calligraphic (script, e.g. Ralph Smith's Formal Script or Euler script), Fraktur (Gothic); lowercase, Fraktur (Gothic).

#	Up	bb	cal	scr	frak	Low	frak
1	$A$	$\mathbb{A}$	$\mathcal{A}$	$\mathscr{A}$	$\mathfrak{A}$	$a$	$\mathfrak{a}$
2	$B$	$\mathbb{B}$	$\mathcal{B}$	$\mathscr{B}$	$\mathfrak{B}$	$b$	$\mathfrak{b}$
3	$C$	$\mathbb{C}$	$\mathcal{C}$	$\mathscr{C}$	$\mathfrak{C}$	$c$	$\mathfrak{c}$
4	$D$	$\mathbb{D}$	$\mathcal{D}$	$\mathscr{D}$	$\mathfrak{D}$	$d$	$\mathfrak{d}$
5	$E$	$\mathbb{E}$	$\mathcal{E}$	$\mathscr{E}$	$\mathfrak{E}$	$e$	$\mathfrak{e}$
6	$F$	$\mathbb{F}$	$\mathcal{F}$	$\mathscr{F}$	$\mathfrak{F}$	$f$	$\mathfrak{f}$
7	$G$	$\mathbb{G}$	$\mathcal{G}$	$\mathscr{G}$	$\mathfrak{G}$	$g$	$\mathfrak{g}$
8	$H$	$\mathbb{H}$	$\mathcal{H}$	$\mathscr{H}$	$\mathfrak{H}$	$h$	$\mathfrak{h}$
9	$I$	$\mathbb{I}$	$\mathcal{I}$	$\mathscr{I}$	$\mathfrak{I}$	$i$	$\mathfrak{i}$
10	$J$	$\mathbb{J}$	$\mathcal{J}$	$\mathscr{J}$	$\mathfrak{J}$	$j$	$\mathfrak{j}$
11	$K$	$\mathbb{K}$	$\mathcal{K}$	$\mathscr{K}$	$\mathfrak{K}$	$k$	$\mathfrak{k}$
12	$L$	$\mathbb{L}$	$\mathcal{L}$	$\mathscr{L}$	$\mathfrak{L}$	$l$	$\mathfrak{l}$
13	$M$	$\mathbb{M}$	$\mathcal{M}$	$\mathscr{M}$	$\mathfrak{M}$	$m$	$\mathfrak{m}$
14	$N$	$\mathbb{N}$	$\mathcal{N}$	$\mathscr{N}$	$\mathfrak{N}$	$n$	$\mathfrak{n}$
15	$O$	$\mathbb{O}$	$\mathcal{O}$	$\mathscr{O}$	$\mathfrak{O}$	$o$	$\mathfrak{o}$
16	$P$	$\mathbb{P}$	$\mathcal{P}$	$\mathscr{P}$	$\mathfrak{P}$	$p$	$\mathfrak{p}$
17	$Q$	$\mathbb{Q}$	$\mathcal{Q}$	$\mathscr{Q}$	$\mathfrak{Q}$	$q$	$\mathfrak{q}$
18	$R$	$\mathbb{R}$	$\mathcal{R}$	$\mathscr{R}$	$\mathfrak{R}$	$r$	$\mathfrak{r}$
19	$S$	$\mathbb{S}$	$\mathcal{S}$	$\mathscr{S}$	$\mathfrak{S}$	$s$	$\mathfrak{s}$
20	$T$	$\mathbb{T}$	$\mathcal{T}$	$\mathscr{T}$	$\mathfrak{T}$	$t$	$\mathfrak{t}$
21	$U$	$\mathbb{U}$	$\mathcal{U}$	$\mathscr{U}$	$\mathfrak{U}$	$u$	$\mathfrak{u}$
22	$V$	$\mathbb{V}$	$\mathcal{V}$	$\mathscr{V}$	$\mathfrak{V}$	$v$	$\mathfrak{v}$
23	$W$	$\mathbb{W}$	$\mathcal{W}$	$\mathscr{W}$	$\mathfrak{W}$	$w$	$\mathfrak{w}$
24	$X$	$\mathbb{X}$	$\mathcal{X}$	$\mathscr{X}$	$\mathfrak{X}$	$x$	$\mathfrak{x}$
25	$Y$	$\mathbb{Y}$	$\mathcal{Y}$	$\mathscr{Y}$	$\mathfrak{Y}$	$y$	$\mathfrak{y}$
26	$Z$	$\mathbb{Z}$	$\mathcal{Z}$	$\mathscr{Z}$	$\mathfrak{Z}$	$z$	$\mathfrak{z}$

Hebrew Lettters

Some Hebrew lettters (c. 200 BC) are also used as mathematical symbols.

Table: Hebrew Letters used as math symbols.

#	Letter	Name
1	$\aleph$	Aleph
2	$\beth$	Beth
3	$\gimel$	Gimel