Formal language...

Domain of discourse, universe of discourse, or universe is the entirety of objects that can be considered in a formal theory.

calculus... predicate calculus, the propositional calculus and the λ-calculus...

Object

alphabet...

Individual constant is a symbol for a fixed object. Boolean values are the two individual constants: true and false. Tautology $\top$, contradiction $\bot$...

Variable is a symbol for an object that takes values from a domain of variation. Individual variable is a symbol for an arbitrary object. Every formal language contains one or several types of individual variables, each type with an infinite set of variables. Predicate variable (or second-order variable) is a variable whose values can be predicates.

Operator

Predicate (谓词) $P: \prod_{i=1}^n D_i \mapsto 2$ is a function whose values are booleans: zero-place predicates are propositions; one-place predicates are properties; multi-place predicates are relations.

Logical operation...

Definite description operator (or definite descriptor) $℩$ (rotated greek letter "ι" /aɪˈoʊtə/) ...

Quantifier: universal quantification $\forall$ (rotated letter "A"), existential quantification $\exists$ (rotated letter "E"); uniqueness quantification $\exists!$;

Connective: (boolean connective) negation $\lnot$ ($\neg$), conjunction $\land$ or $&$, disjuction $\lor$ or $\parallel$; exclusive disjunction ** $\oplus$ or $\veebar$; (propositional connective) **material implication $\rightarrow$ ($\to$) or $\implies$, material conditional $\leftarrow$, material equivalence $\leftrightarrow$ or $\iff$ or $\equiv$;

Definition $:=$ or $\Leftrightarrow$ ("is a notation for");

Precedence grouping $()$

Table: Primitive Symbols and Their Reduction Orders for Term Rewriting. (b, boolean; x, term; A, B, formula)

# Operator Type Operators
1 precedence grouping $()$
2 predicate (x o y ↦ b)
3 definite descriptor (o x A ↦ x) $℩$ ("the object such that")
4 quantifier (o x A ↦ b) $\forall$ (for all), $\exists$ (there exists)
5 boolean connective (b ↦ b; b o b ↦ b) $\lnot$ (not); $\land$ (and); $\lor$ (or)
6 propositional connective (A o B ↦ b) $\rightarrow$ (implies), $\leftrightarrow$ (equivalent)

Provable $\vdash$, entails $\models$ ($\vDash$);

Table: Comparison of Terminology in Different Fields

logical operator boolean algebra propositional calculus
logical equality equality logical biconditional

Formula

term...

Sentential variable or propositional variable... Sentential formula, propositional formula, or formula... Well-formed formula... Proposition (命题)...

Sentence... bound variable... free variable...

axiom... axiom scheme... axiomatic system... theorem... model...

Derivation rule...

First-order logic (一阶逻辑) or predicate logic (谓词逻辑) has exactly one type... Propositional logic (命题逻辑)

consistent... completeness theorem... incompleteness theorem...