Notes on Normed Linear & Banach Space
Topological vector space $(X, (+, \cdot_\mathbb{F}), \tau)$ is a vector space $(X, (+, \cdot))$ over a topological field $F$ equipped with a topology $\tau$ that is compatible with the vector space structure: vector addition $+$ and scalar multiplication $\cdot$ are continuous.
Locally convex topology on a topological vector space $X$ that has a basis consisting of convex sets is a topology $\tau$ such that linear operations in $X$ are continuous w.r.t. $\tau$. Locally convex space is a topological vector space whose topology is Hausdorff locally convex.
Dual space (or adjoint space) $X^∗$ of a topological vector space $X$ is the vector space of continuous linear operators $A: X \to \mathbb{F}$ from $X$ to its underlying field $\mathbb{F}$. If $X$ is a locally convex space, then the functionals $f \in X^∗$ separate the points of $X$.
Semi-norm $p: X \to \mathbb{R}_{\ge 0}$ is a mapping that meets the requirements of a norm except for non-degeneracy: (1) homogeneity: $p(a x) = |a| p(x)$; (2) triangle axiom: $p(x + y) \le p(x) + p(y)$. Weak topology $\sigma(X, F)$ on a topological vector space $X$ given a subset $F$ of its adjoint space $X^∗$ is the locally convex topology generated by the family of semi-norms $\{|f(\cdot)|\}_{f \in F}$; it is a Hausdorff topology iff $F$ is a total set, i.e. $F$ separates the points of $X$. Weak∗ topology on the adjoint space $X^∗$ of a topological vector space $X$ is the weakest topology on $X^∗$ for which all the evaluation mappings $A_x: X^∗ \to \mathbb{F}$, $A_x f = f(x)$, $x \in X$ are continuous.
Dual pair of vector spaces $(L, M, \phi(\cdot, \cdot))$ is a pair of vector spaces $L$ and $M$ over a field $\mathbb{F}$, together with a non-degenerate bilinear form $\phi: L \times M \to \mathbb{F}$: (1) bilinearity: $\phi(a l + b l', m) = a \phi(l, m) + b \phi(l', m)$ and $\phi(l, a m + b m') = a \phi(l, m) + b \phi(l, m')$; (2) non-degeneracy: $\phi(l, \cdot) = 0 \Rightarrow l = 0$ and $\phi(\cdot, m) = 0 \Rightarrow m = 0$. Weak topology defined by a dual pair of vector spaces $(L, M, \phi(\cdot, \cdot))$, given a topology $\tau$ on the underlying field $\mathbb{F}$, is the weakest topology on $L$ (and analogously on $M$) such that the family of mappings $\{\phi(\cdot, m)\}_{m \in M}$ are continuous. Strong topology defined by a dual pair of vector spaces $(L, M, \phi(\cdot, \cdot))$ is the topology on $M$ (and analogously on $L$) of uniform convergence on the bounded subsets of $L$ for the weak topology defined by the dual pair.
Strong dual space $(X^∗, \tau)$ of a topological vector space $X$ is its dual space $X^∗$ with the strong topology $\tau$. Second dual space (or bidual space) $X^{∗∗}$ of a Hausdorff locally convex space $X$ is the dual space of its strong dual space. Canonical embedding $\pi: X \to X^{∗∗}$ of a barrelled space $X$ (a locally convex space with several properties of Banach spaces and Fréchet spaces) is an invertible linear operator such that $\pi x: X^∗ \to \mathbb{F}$ is the evaluation mapping of $f \in X^∗$ at $x$.
Semi-reflexive space is a Hausdorff locally convex space $X$ that coincides with its second dual space $X^{∗∗}$.
Compact operator is an operator between two topological vector spaces $X$ and $Y$ such that the image of any bounded set in $X$ is totally-bounded/pre-compact in $Y$.
Continuous operator $A: X \to Y$ is a continuous mapping between two topological vector spaces; more generally, if the operator $A$ is only defined on a subset $M$ of $X$, it is continuous if it can be extended to a continuous operator from $X$: $\forall G \in \tau_Y, \exists H \in \tau_X: A^{-1}(G) = H \cap M$. Weakly continuous operator. Strongly continuous operator.
Adjoint operator (or dual operator, conjugate operator) $A^∗: Y^∗ \to X^∗$ of a linear operator $A: X \to Y$ between two locally convex spaces $X$ and $Y$ is a linear operator between the strong dual spaces $Y^∗$ and $X^∗$, such that: $(y^∗, x^∗) \in A^∗$, iff $\exists (x, y) \in A$: $(y, y^∗) = (x, x^∗)$. If $A$ is a continuous linear operator with domain $X$, then its adjoint operator $A^∗$ is also continuous.
Norm $\|\cdot\|: X \to \mathbb{R}_{\ge 0}$ is a mapping from a vector space $X$ over the field $\mathbb{R}$ or $\mathbb{C}$ of real or complex numbers to nonnegative numbers $\mathbb{R}_{\ge 0}$, which satisfies:
L^p norm is the norm on an $L^p$ space $L_\mu^p(\Omega)$: general form, $\|x\|_p = (\int_\Omega |x(t)|^p~\mathrm{d} \mu(t))^{1/p}$; discrete form ($\Omega \subset \mathbb{N}$), $\|x\|_p = (\sum_i |x_i|^p)^{1/p}$; special cases, $\|x\|_1 = \sum_i |x_i|$, $\|x\|_\infty = \max_i |x_i|$.
Normed space $(X, (+, \cdot_\mathbb{F}), \|\cdot\|)$ is a vector space with a norm. Norm specifies the length of each element of a vector space. A norm induces a metric on the vector space, $d(x,y) = \|x − y\|$, which in turn induces a topology on the vector space; as a result, normed spaces are topological vector spaces.
Operator norm of an operator $A$ between two normed spaces $X$ and $Y$ is the supremum of norms of the image of unit ball: $\|A\| = \sup_{\|x\| \le 1} \|Ax\|$.
Banach space is a complete normed space (in the induced metric). For example, Sobolev space $W^{s,p}(\Omega)$ with norm $\|f\|_{s,p,\Omega} = \sum_{|\alpha| \le s} \|\partial_x^\alpha f\|_{L^p(\Omega)}$ is a Banach space. The dual space $X^∗$ of a normed space $X$, together with norm $\|f\| = \sup_{x \ne 0} \frac{|f(x)|}{\|x\|}$, is a Banach space.
Reflexive space is a Banach space $X$ whose canonical embedding $\pi(X)$ coincides with its second dual space $X^{∗∗}$.
Linear operators between infinite-dimensional vector spaces are studied under the assumption that they are continuous with respect to certain topologies. All continuous linear operators $B(X, Y)$ between two given normed spaces $X$ and $Y$, together with the operator norm, is a normed space; moreover, $B(X, Y)$ is Banach if $Y$ is Banach. A continuous linear operator $A$ between two normed spaces $X$ and $Y$ with domain $X$ has the same operator norm as its adjoint operator: $\|A^∗\| = \|A\|$. The canonical embedding $\pi: X \to X^{∗∗}$ of a normed space $X$ is an isometric linear operator.
Bounded linear operator is a linear operator $A: X \to Y$ between two normed spaces $X$ and $Y$ such that the image of any bounded set in $X$ is also bounded in $Y$, or equivalently, its operator norm $\|A\|$ is finite. A linear operator between two Banach spaces is continuous iff it is bounded.
Completely-continuous operator is a bounded linear operator $A: X \to Y$ where $X$ is Banach, such that weakly-convergent sequences in $X$ are mapped to norm-convergent sequences in $Y$. Compact operators are completely-continuous; if $Y$ is also Banach, completely-continuous operators are compact. The adjoint operator $A^∗$ of a completely-continuous operator $A$ is also completely-continuous.
Three fundamental principles of linear analysis (on Banach spaces):